@article{155066,
  author = {Hyung-Gyu Lim and Sang-Wook Yeh and Jong-Seong Kug and Young-Gyu Park and Jae-Hun Park and Rokjin Park and Chang-Keun Song},
  title = {Threshold of the volcanic forcing that leads the El Ni{\~n}o-like warming in the last millennium: results from the ERIK simulation},
  abstract = { In order to examine the threshold of the volcanic forcing that leads to the El Ni{\~n}o-like warming, we analyze a millennium ERIK simulation (AD 1000{\textendash}1850) forced by three external forcings including greenhouse gases, solar forcing and volcanic eruptions using the ECHO-G coupled climate model. It is found that there exists a threshold of the volcanic forcing above 15~W/m2 to lead the El Ni{\~n}o-like warming in the climate model. When the volcanic forcing is above this threshold forcing, then the intensity of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is weakened and its position is shifted to the south. This might be associated with the processes of less evaporation in the subtropical cloudless region by a cooling due to the reduction of net surface shortwave radiation. Concurrently, a weakening of ITCZ is associated with a weakening of the trade winds and the subsequent Bjerknes feedback causes El Ni{\~n}o-like warming. Therefore, El Ni{\~n}o-like warming events can occur when volcanic eruption is above threshold forcing, implying that there exists a certain level of radiative forcing change which is capable of changing the state of tropical Pacific sea surface temperature. The last millennium simulation of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project Phase 3 climate models also indicates that there may exist a threshold forcing to lead the El Ni{\~n}o-like warming, which has been also discussed in the present study. },
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {3725-3736},
  month = {06/2016},
  isbn = {1432-0894},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2799-3},
  doi = {10.1007/s00382-015-2799-3},
  language = {eng},
}